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Key Words In Media.

Key Words In Media.

Ideology: The beliefs and values of a media text.


Dominant ideology: A set of ideas and culture that is most commonly or widely accepted in a society. A dominant ideology can change over time.

Hermeneutic codes: (Enigma) something within a media product which creates mystery or suspense.

Proairetic code: (Action code) something within a media product will happen.


Symbolic code: something within a media product that creates a deeper meaning for the audience.


Rule Of Thirds: The rule of thirds is a "rule of thumb" or guideline which applies to the process of composing visual images such as designs, films, paintings, and photographs.


Headings and Subheadings: A heading is the title of a piece of written work. A subheading is a title of a subdivision of a written piece.


Repeat: A repeating pattern which has been used to constantly to remind the audience of a certain idea.


Genre- A type of media product governed by implicit rules that are shared by the makers of the product and the audience for it.


Genre paradigm- Particular media texts derive meaning from the ways in which the medium and genre used differs from the alternatives.


Narrative: A spoken or written account of connected events; a story.


Primary Audiences- The target audiences for a media product. 


Psychographic- The classification of people according to attitudes aspirations and other psychological criteria. 


Encoding: Encoding is done by the producer of a media product and involves creating a piece for the audience to deconstruct and take meaning from. 


Regulation-  A rule or directive made and maintained by an authority.


U- A U film should be suitable for audiences aged four years and over, although it is impossible to predict what might upset any particular child. U films should be set within a positive framework and should offer reassuring counterbalances to any violence, threat or horror.


PG- Parental Guidance. General viewing, but some scenes may be unsuitable for young children. A PG film should not unsettle a child aged around eight or older. Unaccompanied children of any age may watch, but parents are advised to consider whether the content may upset younger, or more sensitive, children.


12/12A- Suitable for people aged 12 and older. It is illegal to supply a video work with a 12 certificate to anyone under that age even if under supervision. 12A-rated films are usually given a 12 certificate for the VHS/DVD version unless extra material has been added that requires a higher rating.


15- Suitable only for 15 years and over. No one younger than 15 may see a 15 film in a cinema. No one younger than 15 may rent or buy a 15 rated video work.


18- The 18 certificate is issued by the British Board of Film Classification (BBFC), to state that in its opinion, a film, video recording, or game should not be seen at home or elsewhere, watched in a cinema or purchased by a person under 18 years old.


R18- To be shown only in specially licensed cinemas, or supplied only in licensed sex shops, and to adults only. The R18 category is a special and legally-restricted classification primarily for explicit works of consenting sex or strong fetish material involving adults.


E- In British film classifications, the E certificate is an unofficial rating sometimes applied to video titles released in the United Kingdom which are exempt from being classified by the British Board of Film Classification (BBFC) as any of the other certificate categories.


The studio system- The studio system is a method of film production and distribution dominated by a small number of "major" studios in Hollywood.


Gutter- The inside margins closest to the spine of a book or the blank space between two facing pages in the centre of a newsletter or magazine is known as the gutter.


Body text- The body text or body copy is the text forming the main content of a book, magazine, web page, or any other printed or digital work.


Folio- folio in a newspaper or magazine is the name of the publication, the date and the page number, usually appearing at the top or bottom of most pages.


Byline- The byline on a newspaper or magazine article gives the name of the writer of the article.


Centre spread- The pair of pages facing each other at the centre of a magazine or newspaper, printed and made up as a single unit. matter occupying this space.


Stand first- A brief introductory summary of an article in a newspaper or on a website, typically appearing immediately after the headline and typographically distinct from the rest of the article.


Sell line- It summed up the brand promise and was an integral part of the branding apparatus, because it got applied just about everywhere the brand appeared.


Edition- An edition is a particular version of a book, magazine, or newspaper that is printed at one time.


Skyline- Skyline this is an information panel on the front page that tells the reader about other stories in the paper to tempt them inside.


Target audience- target audience is the intended audience or readership of a publication, advertisement, or other message. In marketing and advertising, it is a particular group of consumers within the predetermined target market, identified as the targets or recipients for a particular advertisement or message.


Pull quote- A pull quote is an excerpted line or phrase, in a larger or display typeface, run at the top of a page or in a mid-column box to draw attention to the text of the article or story from which it is quoted; blurb.


Classified advert- Classified advertising is a form of advertising which is particularly common in newspapers, online and other periodicals which may be sold or distributed free of charge. Classified advertisements are much cheaper than larger display advertisements used by businesses, although display advertising is more widespread.

Page numbers- Page numbering is the process of applying a sequence of numbers to the pages of a book or other document.


Caption- The definition of a caption is a heading or title, or words on a screen that communicate what is being said or shown.


Barcode- Magazine barcodes and newspaper barcodes are based on the ISSN number (International Standard Serial Number) of the magazine or newspaper. This applies to all magazines, newspapers, and other periodical publications. We provide standard GS1 (EAN13) format barcodes that can be used worldwide.


Headline- a head of a newspaper story or article usually printed in large type and giving the gist of the story or article that follows.


Main image- The main coverline goes with the image. and anchors it to its meaning. Coverlines. Coverlines are normally one or two words, 'explaining' whats in the magazine. They are bold coloured and in roman text in a large type size and are designed to attract the readers attention and make them look inside.


Masthead-  A listing printed in all issues of a newspaper or magazine (usually on the editorial page) that gives the name of the publication and the names of the editorial staff.


Textual analysis: Studying a media product and suggesting ways the media language creates meaning for the audience. 


Z-line: Z-pattern advertising constructs advertisements based on the theory that people will scan images from left to right.

Serif font: A serif is a small line attached to the end of a stroke in a letter or symbol.

Sans-Serif Font: A typeface without serifs is called sans-serif.

Lexis: The level of language consisting of vocabulary, as opposed to grammar or syntax.

Mode of Address: Modes of address can be defined as the ways in which relations between addresser and addressee are constructed in text.


Representation: The ways in which a media product constructs the world and aspects in it including social groups, individuals, issues and events.

Remix: remix is a piece of media which has been altered from its original state by adding, removing, and/or changing pieces of the item.

Mise-en-scene- The arrangement of the scenery, props, etc. on the stage of a theatrical production or on the set of a film.

Secondary Audiences- Substantial numbers of viewers/consumers outside of the primary audience.


Decoding: Decoding is the audiences job to break down the text of a media product in order to find out what it means.


Spatial continuity- the audience always know where they are at all times.
Temporal continuity- The audience always know what order the events have happened in and any flashbacks will be clearly signposted.
A film must be realistic! and must not make reference to other films or texts.
Production- The action of making or manufacturing from components or raw materials, or the process of being so manufactured.
Distribution- the action of sharing something out among a number of recipients.
Regulation- A rule or directive made and maintained by an authority. Film censorship is carried out by various countries to differing degrees, sometimes as a result of powerful or relentless lobbying by organisations or individuals. Vertical and horizontal integration-
The studio system- The studio system is a method of film production and distribution dominated by a small number of "major" studios in Hollywood.Digital technologies-
Conglomeration- A media conglomerate, media group, or media institution is a company that owns numerous companies involved in mass media enterprises, such as television, radio, publishing, motion pictures, theme parks, or the Internet.
Exhibition- he retail branch of the film industry. It involves not the production or the distribution of motion pictures, but their public screening, usually for paying customers in a site devoted to such screenings, the movie theater.
Convergence- Both synergy and cross media convergence play an equal role in aiding films to produce far more revenue than normal. Synergy is defined as the interaction between two or more organisations to produce a combined effect greater than what could be achieved on their own.


Polysemy- One story can be decoded by the audience to reach several different meanings.

Anchorage- The fixing of a particular meaning to a media text, often through captions. 

UC- A new Uc certificate was introduced for videos only to indicate a recording that is especially suitable for young children to watch on their own. Those under the age of a certificate could not buy or rent a video with that certificate.

Bias- Inclination or prejudice for or against one person or group, especially in a way considered to be unfair.


Agenda- The underlying intentions or motives of a particular group or person.


Spatial continuity- The audience always know where they are at all times.
Temporal continuity- The audience always know what order the events have happened in and any flashbacks will be clearly signposted.
Production- The action of making or manufacturing from components or raw materials, or the process of being so manufactured.
Distribution- The action of sharing something out among a number of recipients.
Regulation- A rule or directive made and maintained by an authority. Film censorship is carried out by various countries to differing degrees, sometimes as a result of powerful or relentless lobbying by organisations or individuals. 
Vertical and horizontal integration- Vertical Integration is when a Media Company owns different businesses in the same chain of production and distribution. For example, a 20th Century Fox owns the studios in Hollywood, they also own the cinemas, the TV channels and the DVD rental shops. Whereas horizontal integration is where a production company expands into other areas of one industry.

Digital technologies- Digital film is any medium which is used for storage of images in digital cameras. Most digital cameras use digital film based on flash memory cards or other removable types of media.
Conglomeration- A media conglomerate, media group, or media institution is a company that owns numerous companies involved in mass media enterprises, such as television, radio, publishing, motion pictures, theme parks, or the Internet.
Exhibition- He retail branch of the film industry. It involves not the production or the distribution of motion pictures, but their public screening, usually for paying customers in a site devoted to such screenings, the movie theater.
Convergence- Both synergy and cross media convergence play an equal role in aiding films to produce far more revenue than normal. Synergy is defined as the interaction between two or more organisations to produce a combined effect greater than what could be achieved on their own.
Vertical Integration- This is when the production company has the ownership of the means of production, distribution and exhibition of the film by the same company, because of this they receive all of the profit.
Horizontal integration- The process of a company increasing production of goods or services at the same part of the supply chain. A company may do this via internal expansion, acquisition or merger. The process can lead to monopoly if a company captures the vast majority of the market for that product or service.


Lead story- lead paragraph is the opening paragraph of an article, essay, book chapter, or other written work that summarises its main ideas.

Standalone- Going forward, it will only publish special stand-alone issues pegged to news events and key moments in readers' lives.

Hegemony- Dominance of one group or person through coercion and consent.


Objectification- In social philosophy, objectification is the act of treating a person, or sometimes an animal, as an object or a thing. It is part of dehumanisation, the act of disavowing the humanity of others.

Sexualisation- Sexualization is to make something sexual in character or quality, or to become aware of sexuality, especially in relation to men and women. Sexualization is linked to sexual objectification.


The four steps to representation-
  1. Who
  2. How
  3. Message
  4. Impact






















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