Gender Performativity- Judith Butler
Identity is a performance, and it is constructed through a series of acts and expressions that we perform every day. While there are biological differences dictated by sex, our gender is defined through a series of acts. These may include the way we walk talk and dress. Therefore there is no gender identity behind these expressions of gender. Gender performativity is not a singular act, but a repetition and a ritual. It is outlined and reinforced through dominant patriarchal ideologies.
Feminist Theory- Bell Hooks
Argues that feminism is a struggle to end patriarchal oppression and the ideology of domination, and that the position of the underrepresented is by class and race as well as gender. "Women in lower classes and poor groups, particularly those who are non-white, would not have defined women's liberation as women gaining social equality with men since they are continually reminded in their everyday lives that all women do not share a common social status."
Feminist Theory- Lisbet Van Zoonen
Lisbet van zoonen also argues that gender is constructed and that its meaning varies dependent on cultural and historical context. She suggests that masculinity as well as femininity is constructed- and that the codes used to construct men as a spectacle are different.
In postmodern culture the boundaries between the "real" world and the world of the media have collapsed and that it is no longer possible to distinguish between what is reality and what is simulation. In fact, it really doesn't matter which is which. Therefore, in this postmodern age of simulacra , audiences are constantly bombarded with images which no longer refer to anything "real". Because of this, we are in a situation that media images have come to seem more "real" than the reality they supposedly represent. This concept is referred to as "hyperreality".
Postmodernism
Criticism of metanarratives- postmodern texts usually try to distance themselves from traditional ways of making meaning, and will break the rules of existing metanarratives such as religion or science.
Intertextuality-
Postmodern text often routinely make reference to other texts, cultures and times. This "clobbing together" of disparate themes is referred to as bricolage.
Style over substance-
Surface meanings are seen as more important in a postmodern text than any other deeper meaning.
Identity is a performance, and it is constructed through a series of acts and expressions that we perform every day. While there are biological differences dictated by sex, our gender is defined through a series of acts. These may include the way we walk talk and dress. Therefore there is no gender identity behind these expressions of gender. Gender performativity is not a singular act, but a repetition and a ritual. It is outlined and reinforced through dominant patriarchal ideologies.
Feminist Theory- Bell Hooks
Argues that feminism is a struggle to end patriarchal oppression and the ideology of domination, and that the position of the underrepresented is by class and race as well as gender. "Women in lower classes and poor groups, particularly those who are non-white, would not have defined women's liberation as women gaining social equality with men since they are continually reminded in their everyday lives that all women do not share a common social status."
Feminist Theory- Lisbet Van Zoonen
Lisbet van zoonen also argues that gender is constructed and that its meaning varies dependent on cultural and historical context. She suggests that masculinity as well as femininity is constructed- and that the codes used to construct men as a spectacle are different.
In postmodern culture the boundaries between the "real" world and the world of the media have collapsed and that it is no longer possible to distinguish between what is reality and what is simulation. In fact, it really doesn't matter which is which. Therefore, in this postmodern age of simulacra , audiences are constantly bombarded with images which no longer refer to anything "real". Because of this, we are in a situation that media images have come to seem more "real" than the reality they supposedly represent. This concept is referred to as "hyperreality".
Postmodernism
Criticism of metanarratives- postmodern texts usually try to distance themselves from traditional ways of making meaning, and will break the rules of existing metanarratives such as religion or science.
Intertextuality-
Postmodern text often routinely make reference to other texts, cultures and times. This "clobbing together" of disparate themes is referred to as bricolage.
Style over substance-
Surface meanings are seen as more important in a postmodern text than any other deeper meaning.
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